Ethics & Misconduct

CIJ takes all allegations of research or publication misconduct seriously and investigates them in accordance with COPE guidelines.

Forms of Misconduct

• Fabrication — making up data or results.
• Falsification — manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes.
• Plagiarism — using another's work without attribution.
• Duplicate publication — publishing the same findings in more than one journal.
• Authorship disputes — ghost authorship or gift authorship.
• Undisclosed conflicts of interest.

Reporting Misconduct

Suspected misconduct should be reported to ethics@cij.com.ng. All reports are treated confidentially. Whistleblowers are protected from retaliation.

Consequences

Confirmed misconduct may result in retraction of the article, notification of the author's institution, and a ban from future submission to CIJ journals.